K&M NATURAL RESEARCHED PRODUCTS FACTORY,
LLC.
FOUNDED by Karim Soudbakhsh “Herb’s physiology researcher" Natural
Chemicals, Physics in natural medicine and biology. BS ENGINEERING.
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGY.
We are a natural chemical factory. We would like to share our knowledge of
"What we know about our resource".
IN
PHYSIOLOGY,
the goal-oriented or directed behavior feedback mechanisms in biology
teleological mechanics of nature. Teleology, the feedback mechanism is
characterized by the fact the input is controlled By the output.
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING,
has considered or has been discovered combining biology and technology and acting as an outline of unifying the theory of feedback control that is applicable to machines as well organism
(mechanical relay), including the brain, which it is the biggest Singularity on
computerizing the technical operation. The executive organ modified the input
of feedback and the indicator that continuously measures the output. The action
of indicator, executive organ, transmitter, and motor in feedback loop can be
described in biological systems and in the Machine. The brain and any organs
intimately connected by a complex series of feedback loops in mechanical
engineering (Connection regulator between THE HYPOTHALAMUS- PITUITARY- In Roles
of "organs" Hormones). The pituitary
and Hypophyses glands in the brain- each-of which release various naturel
chemicals that actually they are hormones and have so many important actions in
the body and regulate the function of several of other glands. The pituitary
gland secretes so many hormones which " Somatotropin "is more commonly
known as growth hormone, and effect increase the functional capacity of organs,
bones, lean, muscles.
IN
ADDITION,
I believe the anatomy and physiology of the human body also is like a Chemical
factory as well, which built by the main equipment; immune system, immune cells
(Immune defense mechanisms). The science of immunology is concerned with the
specific mechanisms
By which living tissues react to foreign biological materials (including
invading microorganisms) so that resistances or immunity develops. The
integrity of defense system of the host, and its ability to react to and
overcome invasion microorganisms, is of vital importance for The survival of
the individual. The generation of an immune respond depends upon the interaction
of three components of mechanism.
The immunogen is called the afferent branch, and stimulates the Central or
intermediate parts to produce antibody molecules or Sensitized lymphocytes
(efferent branch), depending on nature Of the stimulating immunogen. For
understanding the manual of operation just needs to learn All about a sandwich,
Alteration of the Lymphatic and immunity “Immunologyâ€, they are specialized for
function by the design of God in our chemical factory. I call the names of a
few of them that have relative to Bactria, infection and viruses. They are such
as: Immunochemistry (e.g. the chemistry of immunization); Immunocompetence
(e.g. Inhibit immune cells function); Immunoglobulin (A diverse group of plasma proteins mechanisms for Protection
against of organisms).Immunodeficiency (e.g. T-cell- mediated immunity, Inhibits components of the
immune system. AND important one; Humoral immunity which it has following
benefits: The protective activities of antibodies against infection or reinfection by
common organisms (e.g. streptococci and staphylococci). B- Lymphocytes
system: Producing plasma cells which produce antigen Specific antibodies.
Secreted by “T4†cells and foreign antigens proceed by macrophages. Antibodies
produced by plasma B-cell found mainly in blood in the Lymphatic system,
Neutralize or destroy antigens in several ways: They kill organisms by activating the complement system, Neutralize viruses and
toxins released by Bactria, coat the antigen (opsonization) or form an antigen
antibody complex to stimulate Phagocytosis, promote antigen clumping (e.g. glut
nation) and Prevent the antigen from adhering to host cells (meditated,
immunoglobulin).
ll-
meditated a
Cell-
meditated and Antibody mediated immunity.
Both “Tâ€
cells and “B†cells attack antigens, but they do so in different ways:
“T†cells attack antigen directly (cell to
cell contact), this immune respond.
Called
Cell-meditated immunity.
“B†Cells
, on the other hand
, interact with the antigen indirectly through the secretion of antibodies
(called Antibody meditated immunity), Because, The antibodies are carried by
the blood and tissue fluid (the body humors), this Type immunity called
“Humoral immunityâ€.
Cell- meditated “T†Functions. Fig 1-1
Antigen
presentation: The Macrophage digests the antigen and pushes the Antigen to its
surface of pathogen (this ability called ant-presentation).
“T†Cells
Activation:
activation of the “T†Cells always requires an antigen-presenting cell, such as
a macrophage.
Clone: The activated cell divides
repeatedly, resulting in larger number of T cells, A group of identical cells
formed from the same parent cell. There
are four subgroups within the clone: Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor
T cells and Memory T cells.
Killer T
Cells: Destroy the
antigen (pathogen)through punching holes in the Pathogen’s cell membrance and
secreting substances called Lymphokines (enhance phagocytic activity), Also the
Killer T cells engage in cell-to-cell combat.
Helper T
Cells: Secret a
Lymphokine that stimulates both “Tâ€Cells and “Bâ€cells In general, enhances the
immune response.The helper “Tâ€cell is also called the CD4+ T cell( because of
surface protein Called CD4+). The CD4+ T cell is a marker for immune function
and count usually Decreases as the infection progresses.
Suppressor
“Tâ€cells: The
suppressor T cells control “B†and “T†activity, Also inhibit the immune
response when the antigen has been destroyed.
Memory
“Tâ€Cells : These
Cells remember the initial encounter with the antigen,
If the
antigen is presented at some future time, the memory cells quickly reproduce
and thus allow a faster immune response to occur.
Antibody-mediated
immunity (“Bâ€Cells Function).
“Bâ€cells
fight at a distance through the mediation of antibodies, macrophages not Only
engage in phagocytosis, but also present the antigen to the Lymphocytes.
Activated “Bâ€
cells produce a clone of cells that secret antibodies, the antibodies are
carried by the blood and body fluids to the antigen-bearing pathogens.
Individualâ€
Bâ€cells can produce over 10 million different antibodies, Each of which React
against antigen. The large numbers of antibodies allow the body to develop
Immunity
against many different diseases, showed the steps in antibody -mediated
immunity. fig 1-
Antibodies?
What is
antibodies: The
antibodies secreted by the B cells are proteins called
Immunoglobulins,
destroy antigen. They accomplish this task directly by attacking the membrance
and in directly by activating complement proteins that, in turn, facilitate the
attack on the antigen.
The
Immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains.
Two light
and two heavy chains. They are holding together in a Y shape by disulfide bound
and non-covalent interactions.
There are
five major different types of heavy chain designated, on each respectfully for
the five major antibody classes, Or what are known as Isotypes
( IgG, IgM, IgA,
IgD and IgE ).
The three
most abundant immunoglobulins are Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin A and
Immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin E, is involved in
Hypersensitivity
reactions.
Antibodies
(Ig) are found in
primary in the plasma in the gamma globulin part of The plasma proteins,
Immunoglobulin
G (IgG): Is an
antibody found in plasma and body fluids, It is Particularly effective against
certain bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
Immunoglobulin
A(IgA): Is an
antibody found primarily in the secreting of Exocrine glands. Ig in food and
juice help protect against infection.
Immunoglobulin
M (IgM): Is an
antibody found in blood plasma and associated with red blood cells are a type
of IgM antibody.
Primary
and Secondary Responses’
Activated when exposed to an antigen, B Cells produce many plasma cells and memory cells. The plasma cells secret antibodies; This initial response to antigeIs called Primary Response (Fig 1-4).
The
Secondary Response: Responds
quickly and produce a larger number of antibodies, secondary respond is so much
greater and initial exposure to antigen.
Has stimulated the formation of both antibody -secreting plasma cells and memory cells. the memory cells, which live for long time in the plasma, are activated very quickly on the second exposure. The activated memory cells, in turn, Induce the formation of many antibody-secreting plasma cells. This fast reaction accounts for larger number of antibodies associated with secondary responses,
All Humoral
and Cell – Mediated immune response to foreign antigens have a number of fundamental
properties that reflect the properties of
Lymphocytes
that mediate these responses (Table 1-3)’; Also, In (Fig 1-5), macromolecule,â€
specificity, memory, and contraction of adaptive immune responsesâ€. Antigen X
and Y induce the production of different antibodies(specificity). The secondary
response to antigen X is more rapid and larger than the primary response
(memory).
Antibody
level decline with time after each
immunization (contraction, the process that maintains homesostasis), the same
features are seen in cell -mediated
immune responses.
In
General Rule
In Immune
responses, the course of a variety of diseases in hypersensitivity is Believed
to play an important rule. Although missive does of Methylprednisolone
Have been
known to cause a fall in concentration of (Ig) in plasma of human Volunteers, these
same subject produced antibodies normally in response to
Antigenic
stimuli (Butler,1975).
“Ig†and
“TCR†Genetic Loci, Relationship, Function and Arranging its germline Locus
Organization.
“Ig†and
“TCR†Genetic Loci are fundamentally similar and are characterized by special
segregation of many different sequences that encode variable domains and
relatively few sequences that encode constant domain of receptor proteins.
Distinct variable region sequences are jointed to constant region sequences in
Different
Lymphocytes. Each germline “TCR†Locus is arranged in a very similar way to the
“Ig†loci. Noncoding sequences in the “Ig†loci play important in recombination
and gene expression. The relationship of “TCR†gene segments and corresponding
portion of “TCR†proteins that they encode. As in “Ig†molecules,
“TCRâ€(V&C) domain assume and “Ig†fold tertiary structure, and thus the “TCRâ€Is a member of “Ig†supper family of
proteins.
Rearrangement
of “Ig†and “TCR†genes represents a special kind of Non- Homologous DNA
recombination event, mediated by the coordinated.
Activities
of several enzymes, some of which are found only in developing Lymphocytes,
whereas other are ubiquitous DNA double-stranded break repair.
(DSBR)enzymes.
The accessibility (specific loci) of “Ig†and “TCR†loci to enzymers that mediate
recombination is regulated in developing “B†and “T†cells by several
mechanism, including epigenetic alternation in chromation structure and DNA and
basal transcription activity in the gene loci.
“Antibody
Engineeringâ€
The
techniques of genetic in Mechanical Engineering have led to the prospect of
Reshaping (dislocation,
displacement, and the fraction, of course not only depends on environmental temperature
also on how tightly the atoms (human cells) are bonded as atomic rearrangements
in position in human body).
The energy
requirement for an atom to change position, we can call that “activation Energy
“and identify this energy per atom or Q per mole’. (I believe the activation
energy in cells, balancing or motioning immune cells together per same time in
your engine is the key for increasing the life expansion, ages and gain Healthy
systems, free from risk of any disease). So, the techniques of genetic
engineering have the prospect of reshaping or designing human antibodies for
specific therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
These are
what are known as Monoclonal Antibodies, recombinant antibodies constructed by
variable region from work (heavy and light chains), antigen-bonding site and patient
can be treated with these engineered antibodies (myeloma cells is considerable
for recombinant antibodies for overcome of difficulty).
Certain
microorganisms, viruses and parasites live inside host cells, a separate form
of specific acquired immunity has evolved to combat intracellular infections
involving lymphocytes differentiated in the thymus—hence “T†cell (have
specialized receptor on the cells surface, known as “T†cells surface antigen
Receptors)
which in conjunction with the major histocompatibility complex on the cell
surface infected cell result in the involvement of T helper cells and cytotoxic
T cells to combat intracellular infections by leading to the death of the infected
cell.
Bonding of
antigen to the T-cell receptor in conjunction with an associated complex of
transmembrance peptides, results in signaling the cell to differentiate
and divide.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in the immune
system. An association of antigen with MHC molecule on the surface of cells is
required for recognition of the antigen by the T-cell receptor that in
conjunction with closely associated protein β2-microglobulin, Result in the
recruitment of cytotoxic and helper T cell in the immune response. MHC
molecules occur in three classes which they are responsible for recruiting
cytotoxic T cells, involved in signaling T helper cells to recruit further B
cells and microphages, including a number of other proteins with variety of
other immunological functions. Structural analysis of class I and class II
(MHC) molecules reveals them to be heterodimers with homology to
immunoglobulin. The genes coding for class I (A, B, C, E, F, and G), class II
(DR, DQ, and DP) And class III molecules or also what is known as the human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) system are located on chromosom6.These genes supper
families and T-cell both have structural homology with Immunoglobulin (Ig).
Regulatory cells suppress and prevent
immune responses (e.g., to self-antigen).
Immune defense mechanisms contained white blood cells which
They have following (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, Dendritic, mast,
natural killer, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes)
Cells with specific performance and its benefits Including a red blood
cells(erythrocyte), platelets, and its auxiliary equipment (other organs in the
body): vascular system, blood vessel system arteries, veins, liver, eyes,
lungs, pancreas, etc. Immune cells enclose many enzymes. Without proper
enzymes, the immune cells become drafted into digesting foods which they cannot
properly protect the optimal health and can leave the body open to all sort of
ailments.
An enzyme (Plasm in) is eliminating unnecessary fibrin "unhealthy levels
of fibrin" in the bloodstream that can run amok or on the wall of arteries
can build up the thick coating of fibrin (dangerous gunk). That means the
arteries become smaller and blood gets thicker so that causing poor circulation
and lack of enough proteolytic enzymes in the bloodstream which are a recipe or
reciprocating your heart, brain, and lung to disaster.
Including tissue, muscles, nerve fibers, and blood vessels to become rigid.
They are also responsible for loosening the skin elasticity, muscle tone, and
resulting in drooping and sagging skin and muscles.
Anyone of these blood cells · immune cells · are specialized for the function
by the design of the God in his chemical factory, in his human-machine
civilization. Erythrocyte {red blood cells}, Macrophages, Monocytes all
surround by natural chemicals, complement system "group of proteins defend
and kills microorganisms, remove dead cells, and stimulates the action of other
immune system cells. When the immune system is missing arty of these elements
"chemicals" people are vulnerable to specific types of diseases.
Erythrocyte is an Immune cell that carries oxygen to all parts of the body and
protecting itself from viruses and bacteria or any foreign substances. These
blood cells create a good achievement in blood, blood vessels, parts
of the body and protecting itself from viruses and energize, expand or expose
the flesh and skin, and then weighed up by growing of nerve tissue arteries,
and veins, powerful which they innervate every organ of the physical body.
About us
(Part two)
IN
ADDITION
In duration
of my research, I learned if I will have known THE GENETIC ILLNESS, it was
easier to find the chemicals which has a reaction with that ailment.
Now, I am
writing some about the genetic engineering, terminology, and principals of
molecular biology in engineering on base of materials science and engineering
(polymers) And environmental engineering and science,†genetic engineering.â€
Polymers!
Material and
which contain only nonmetallic elements and share electrons to build up large
molecules. (low density, extremely flexible and chemical based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetals) These are often called macromolecules.
These large
molecules contain many repeating units, or mers from which we get the word
polymers. Which we are going to briefly induced to the following section.
Terminology and the guiding principles
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
In the field of biochemistry, microbiology and
molecular biology†The transfer of genetic information is aiding environmental
engineering and scientists in their search for solutions to environmental:
Including
the exploitation of specific enzymatic pathways and to create genetically
engineered organism for bioremediations. Development of sensitive probes for
detecting the presence of specific bacteria or specific degradation capability,
and development of immunoassay technical for analysis of specific pollutants
such as pesticides.
TERMINOLOGY
AND PRINCIPLES
The guiding
principle for these recent advances involves the manipulation of genetic
information. The genetic information of all living organisms is contained in
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), DNA is a polymer made of several million
nucleotides, each nucleotide being made up of the six-carbon sugar deoxyribose,
a purine or pyrimidine base, and a phosphate, Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are
the purine or pyrimidine base, and a phosphate, Adenine, (A) and guanine (G)
are the purine bases, and cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are the pyrimidine bases
(Fig 2-1.The individual nucleotides are hooked together via a phosphate-ester
linkage to form a strand of DNA(Fig. 2-2)
Most DNA exists as the so called double helix in which two strands of
DNA are bonded together in a complementary fashion where a purine or pyrimidine
base on the other strand is
hydrogen-bonded to a complementary purine or pyrimidine base on the
other strand(Fig 2-3). Most often guanine hydrogen-bonds with cytosine and
adenine with thyme. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains information(codes)
for the production (or replication) of a specific protein. The transfer of a
genetic information via DNA usually involves ribonucleic acid (RNA) RNA is
similar in structure to a single strand of DNA except that the sugar is ribose,
and uracil (Fig. 2-1) replaces thymine as the second pyrimidine base involved.
RNA may be used in several different ways to convert genetic information from
DNA into desired products.
A simplified way of looking as the transfer of
genetic information from one generation to the next is as follows. A portion of
genetic information contained in DNA is converted into a complementary strand
of RNA. This RNA is then transferred to a site in the cell where replication
occurs. (The ribosome). The sequence of bases in the DNA, now contained in this
“messenger†RNA, tells what amino acids and thus what protein or enzyme is to
be produced (or replicated). Several types of RNA are involved in the synthesis
of a new protein in the ribosome.
Two forms of
DNA are of interest. One is chromosomal DNA, which is the essential form that
contains all the basic information required for normal cell metabolism, growth,
and reproduction. The other is DNA contained in separate, relatively small,
self-replicating circular fragments called plasmids. Plasmids contain genetic
information that conveys additional capabilities to an organism such as
resistance to toxic heavy metals such a as mercury or to drugs such as
penicillin. A plasmid may also contain genetic information for a key enzyme
that allows, and organism tom initiate a reaction with an organic compound that
would otherwise be non-biodegradable by the organism. Another interesting property of plasmids is
that they can be exchanged between bacterial species, sometimes resulting in a
particularly good combination of enzymes in one organism, allowing it to
degrade a new organic chemical that is introduced into the environment. This is
an important “adaptive†mechanism for bacteria.
It is known that some environmentally significant reactions such as
degradation of halogenated organic compounds are encoded on plasmids.â€
Much of the
information contained in DNA and plasmids is unique to a specific organism, a
specific degradation pathway, or production of a specific product. Scientists
now have the capability of separating and identifying the components. (i.e.,
enzymes, genes, DNA, plasmids, etc..) responsible for these activities. With
this capability comes the potential for manipulating, controlling, and
understanding various biological reactions. Some specific examples are given
next.
Example
applications
They are
having developed and introduced rapidly in helping to understand and solve
environmental contamination problems. The environmental engineer and scientist
is well advised to keep abreast of new developments.
Genetic
Engineering
Genetic
engineering, sometimes called recombinant- DNA technology, involves.
The
recombination of DNA from several sources. One successful application of
genetic engineering is in the production of human insulin with genetically
engineered bacteria. The genes involved in the production of insulin In the
human pancreas were characterized, separated, recombined, and introduced into
the Bacterium Escherichia coli. This process is termed gene cloning. The E.
coli then Can produce large quantities of insulin precursors that are easily
converted to human insulin be chemical means.
Another
example involves the enzyme toluene dioxygenase. The genes responsible for
production and activity of this enzyme, along with its ability to Biodegrade
chlorinated organic compound such as TCE, were isolated from the bacterium
Pseudomonas putida Fl and placed into an E. coli strain. This genetically
engineered E. coli was then shown to degrade TCE as long as an Inducing
substrate (toluene or isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside in this
case) Was present. There are indications that enzyme activity such as this can
be induced by means other than chemical addition (e.g., temperature).
Genetic
engineering has resulted in at least one patented bacterium for use in
Bioremediation. A.M. Chakrabarty developed a genetically engineered Pseudomonas
strain by cloning four different plasmids into the organism, giving.
It the
ability to biodegrade a wide variety of petroleum products. Successes like this
and the other ones described lead some engineers and scientist to believe that
genetic engineering holds significant promise for remediating many hazardous
and industrial wastes and that we can develop “designer genes†for thew removal
of specific pollutants. The use of genetic engineering is not without
controversy. There is concern with
Release of
genetically altered organisms into the environment. A current example Is the
controversy surrounding use of genetically engineered corn. The bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis produces toxins that will some types of insects. These Insecticidal genes have been cloned into
several varieties of corn with the goal of Protecting the corn without having
to apply insecticides, one major concern is the development of insects that are
resistant to these naturally produced toxins. There is also concern with gene
transfer to other stains of corn and perhaps other plants. Finally, there is
concern about the potential human and environmental health effects of long
-term exposure to these genetically engineered plants.
IN
CONCOLUTION:
designed about Fundamentally new platform from and mRNA. Technology behind the
medicine development or vaccine (concept as household names?). Biologist have
documented how very large viruses…of new viruses, which eventually explode from
and kill the cell they infect.… the structures within bacteria to mimic those
found in eukaryotic cells.
HOW DO
VIRUSES INFECT EUKARYOTIC CELL?
When it meets
a host cell, a virus can insert its genetic material into its host, literally
taking over the hosts’ function, an infected cell produces more viral protein
and genetic material instead of its usual products.
MESSENGER RNA
(mRNA), DNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. The power of mRNA technology is also
essential for reaction in bio- medical field. mRNA is the single -stranded
intermediate molecule that transfer the genetic information from DNA in the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template in the formation of
polypeptide. Messenger RNA Carries the instructions for making proteins. mRNA
is “messenger†RNA. mRNA is synthesized in nucleus using the nucleotide
sequence of DNA as template. This process requires nucleotide triphosphates as
substrates and catalyzed by the enzyme RNA POLYMERASE II. The process of making
mRNA from DNA is called transcription, and it occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA directs
the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA formed in the
nucleus is transported out of nucleus and into The cytoplasm where it attaches
to the ribosomes. Proteins assembled on the Ribosomes using the mRNA nucleotide
sequence as guide; thus, mRNA carries. a “message†from the nucleus to
cytoplasm. The message is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA, which
is complementary to the nucleotide.sequence of the DNA that served as a
template for synthesizing the mRNA. Making proteins from mRNA is called
translation.